Calculate the cardiac output for a patient with a heart rate of 85 beats per minute, an end systolic volume of 70 mL, and an end diastolic volume of 150 mL.

To calculate the cardiac output, we first need to determine the stroke volume (SV) using the end diastolic volume (EDV) and the end systolic volume (ESV). Stroke volume is calculated as the difference between end diastolic volume and end systolic volume.

In this case:

• End Diastolic Volume (EDV) = 150 mL

• End Systolic Volume (ESV) = 70 mL

Using the formula for stroke volume:

[

SV = EDV - ESV

]

[

SV = 150 mL - 70 mL = 80 mL

]

Next, cardiac output (CO) is calculated by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate. The heart rate given is 85 beats per minute.

Using the formula for cardiac output:

[

CO = SV \times HR

]

[

CO = 80 mL \times 85 \text{ bpm}

]

Since we need the cardiac output in liters per minute, we convert mL to L by noting that 1 L = 1000 mL:

[

CO = \frac{80 \text{ mL} \times